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The Complexity of Toxicity in Insects
Papenera, cluvada is by far the most painfully stinging insect we have experienced or heard about. The idea is that as insects evolved from being solitary to social, they couldn't just like sting their predator and run away because they lived in the colony now. Once they know where the colony is, then that's just what they are. And it's a target almost, isn't it? Yeah. Can either of you guess why this might be? More insects, more likely to be attacked.