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Introduction
i t i f is the world's top brink think tink for science and technology policy. Over the past two decades, a us. Headquarters drug companies have been responsible for as much as 80 % of r and d into live science s innovation. A vast majority of new drugs were launched elsewhere, primaily in europea. We introduced the rand tax card in 19 81. But there was a whole set of policy levers as well, such as a the bi dol act introduced in 19 82.