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The Jo Era China and the Mediaeval Europe
The jo created, for the first time, a civil ministry with three departments and a litary organized into six permanent armies. The officials of this bureaucracy were appointed and promoted based on a mixture of birth, lineage and performance. Later chinese scholars tended to look back upon the jo as a sort of golden age, almost utopian. It embodied certain ideals that came to be highly valued in later centuries: harmony and balance.