The crisis of confidence precedes the industrial revolution. It dindustrialized and economically subjugated the east within this new capitalist world system. I'm sympathetic to what's called the the california school or that it could have happened, not in europe, but somewhere else. We know those developments have to do with the kind of ideas and norms that they're operating in.
Ayşe Zarakol on her book Before the West: The Rise and Fall of Eastern World Orders. How centuries of Asian empires from Genghis Khan to Timur and the early Ming Dynasty through the Ottomans and Mughals built dominant world orders and, ultimately, shaped the rise of Europe—and how that all might shape how we think about the crisis in the world order today.
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