The fans are entirely aware that they are in something that is never going to be reciprocated, but that doesn't actually take it away from. Those emotions can go wrong, can't they? You cite the social psychologist, Henri Tifel, who showed that out-group discrimination could be decided by something as arbitrary as the toss of a coin. If you tossed a coin and said, well, your heads and your tails, the heads would start to discriminate against the tails almost immediately. But among fan groups, I mean, fandoms appear to be spectacularly joyous places. That's not always the case.

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