The Contributions of Ibn al-Haitam and Theories about the Decline of the Muslim Ummah

This chapter explores the influential contributions of Ibn al-Haitam in optics and the peaceful coexistence of Muslims and Christians in Toledo. It discusses the translation movement from Arabic to Latin and the influence of Islamic scholars on prominent figures like Da Vinci and Galileo. The chapter also delves into theories regarding the decline of the Muslim ummah, including the impact of colonialism, the Mongol invasion, and the West's advancement.