How Can We Scale Bitcoin Transactions Off Chain?

In the case of lightning, we've moved like most of the activity related to making transactions off chain. And 99.9% of full nodes would very quickly just get eliminated from the network because they don't have the computational capacity to keep up with such large amounts of transaction volume. So in order to think about how could we actually scale to support so many users, but without running into the problems that I described earlier where the network becomes more and more centralized until eventually it just gets taken over by some centralized entity. We've come up with these other kinds of protocols that move some aspect of making transactions offChain.