Surgery

Most surgery studies don't have a placebo arm, so we've been doing surgeries ever without really knowing whether there's been a placibo effect. Most of it is due to things like expectation, or we're getting a positive effect from the medicine. Conditioning speaks to owell our body minds have attributed a healing effect from this medicine before. Ritual is huge in placibo effects. We engage in ritual all the time. And as we study ritual we realize that setting context for our healing effects actually very powerful. Patients do better with doctors who believe that they're getting better outcomes. If tors are friendlier to their patients, their patients have better outcomes. That's been found for things