In 19 61, a 25 year old connecticut man named bill manold answered a newspaper ad for volunteers to participate in a study at yale university. He arrived at yale's campus just before seven p m and followed a sign directing him down into a basement. It was a large machine with 30 switches on it. Each switch was 15 voult increment. So the switches ranged from 15 vaults at one end to 450 vaults at the other. And they were labelled in clumps, really, from mild shock through to danger severe and extreme shock.