Introduction

Gruffith was pinned between the sea and the english midlands. The saxon brothers deployed a pincer attack, not on gruffith, but on wales itself. Harold would strike the coastal towns, while tostig took the fight directly to gruffith's homelands in the north. This strategy was so effective that over a century later, gerald of wales recommended the same land and sea tactic,. complimented by bribery and undermining as the ideal way to camp against the welsh.