When you think about the word "gentleman," you probably think about the kind of well-mannered, well-educated, civil, virtuous, self-controlled fellows who lived in England and America during the 19th century.

But there was also a not-entirely-dissimilar conception of the gentleman that grew out of the East, though it arose quite a bit longer ago. This gentleman was described by the Chinese philosopher Confucius in a text called the Analects, which my guest says might be thought of as a 2,500-year-old set of advice columns for those who aspire to be exemplary individuals. His name is Robert LaFleur, and he's a professor of history and anthropology and the lecturer of the Great Courses course, Books That Matter: The Analects of Confucius. Today on the show Robert talks about how the Analects are all about learning to rule, and that Confucius believed that you couldn't lead a state, without being able to lead your family, and you couldn't lead a family, without being able to lead yourself. Robert argues that the Analects teach the reader how to integrate the kind of character traits and relational skills that are required to "get good at life," and how this aptitude centrally rests on living with a quality called "consummate conduct." Robert discusses the importance of what he calls "all-in" learning to the Confucian gentleman, the nuance to the idea of filial piety that Westerners typically miss, and the often overlooked check on this hierarchical dynamic called "remonstrance." We end our conversation with why Confucius so heavily emphasized the importance of ritual, and how rituals hold a transformative power that can allow you to become something bigger than yourself.

Resources Related to the Podcast

• Robert's Great Courses course: Books That Matter — The Analects of Confucius
• The translations of the Analects that Robert recommends (he's currently working on his own):
  • Ames and Rosemont ("All of the translations have something to offer, but I think that the Ames and Rosemont translation brings out more of the social connections in the text than many of the others.")
  • Annping Chin ("Having said that, the newer Penguin translation by Annping Chin is also very good.")
• China's Spring and Autumn Period
• University of Chicago Professor of Classics David Grene
• The Confucian Book of Songs
• The Sociological Imagination by C. Wright Mills
• From Text to Action by Paul Ricoeur
• Confucius: The Secular as Sacred by Herbert Fingarette
• Emile Durkheim
• AoM series on ritual

Connect With Robert LaFleur

• Robert's Blog: Round and Square
• Robert's Faculty Page at Beloit College