This episode of History 102 explores the fascinating rise of Islam, its Golden Age, and its decline, unpacking the cultural, political, and economic factors that shaped this pivotal period in history.

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WhatifAltHist creator Rudyard Lynch and Erik Torenberg talk about the cultural and scientific achievements of the Umayyad and Abbasid Caliph - a period of unprecedented growth and innovation in the Islamic world. Then, uncover the reasons behind the decline of the Abbasid Caliphate, from internal conflicts and moral decay to the rise of the Turks and the shift from scientific progress to religious conservatism.

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This show is produced by Turpentine: a network of podcasts, newsletters, and more, covering technology, business, and culture — all from the perspective of industry insiders and experts. We’re launching new shows every week, and we’re looking for industry-leading sponsors — if you think that might be you and your company, email us at erik@turpentine.co.

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TIMESTAMPS:

(00:00) Introduction

(01:45) The Enigma of Muhammad

(03:14) The World Before Islam

(04:42) Internal Conflicts

(07:30) Sponsor: beehiiv | Babbel

(09:00) The Umayyad Caliphate

(33:12) The Abbasid Caliphate

(34:56) Misconceptions About Islam

(37:00) The Decline of the Abbasids

(39:15) Internal Conflicts and Barbarian Mercenaries

(42:00) The Rise of Al Ghazali and the End of Science

(45:17) The Decline of Capitalism

(46:41) The Loss of the Mediterranean

(48:42) The First Crusade and Societal Choices

(50:10) Wrap

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Books mentioned:

• In the Shadow of the Sword: The Rise and Fall of Islam by Tom Holland
• Destiny Disrupted: A History of the World Through Islamic Eyes by Tamim Ansary
• The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a World Civilization by Marshall Hodgson (3-volume set)
• Islam and the Arab World
• The Myth of a Tolerant Muslim Spain

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