The medieval church never sought democracy. It had no idea what these forces that are unleashed would produce. But this highly autocratic, highly centralized actor allowed millions of people to have a very real say in their governance and for the modern capitalist economy to take off. I do think that there are sort of two big lessons from here from this account. One is that we focus on war as a force of state building, but to me war is fundamentally destructive. And what's happening in Russia and Ukraine right now, the Ukrainian state may emerge stronger from this war, or it may take decades to rebuild.

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