The Russian Revolution
Short History Of...
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Lenin and the First Duma
The first workers' councils, or Soviets, are formed in 1905. Hundreds of their members and supporters are shot down on the streets. Nicholas realises that if he wants to retain any kind of power, concessions must be made. Under duress, he ratifies a manifesto which promises a constitutional monarchy. It also pledges the creation of a state-duma - though true representation is still a long way away. The events of 1905 will be seen by many as necessary steps towards true revolution. But right now, the hardliners, Lenin included, believe there one chance that revolution has been wasted.
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