The chapter explores the historical context of British involvement in the Gulf region during the 19th century, detailing strategies used to maintain control through agreements that rendered rulers subservient yet allowed dynastic rule. It discusses tactics of gunboat diplomacy, the impact of naval superiority on coercing compliance, and challenges the concept of indirect rule in colonial contexts. The narrative also delves into the aftermath of World War I on Arab lands, the mandate system imposed by European powers, and the complexities of post-Great War politics.