Tracheostomy insertion rates per BPD patients per year range from a minimum of 1.6 in 2020 to a maximum of 4.1 in 2016. Tracheostomy was not associated with relative neighborhood median household income, neighborhood percentage with income below the poverty line or neighborhood percentage with a bachelor's degree. There were 227 or 14% deaths in the tracheostomy cohort and 1857 or 4.8% death in the non-tracheostomy group. Hispanic ethnicity was associated with lower odds of mortality as was higher neighborhood proportion with a bachelor’s degree while public insurance and lower neighborhood household income were associated with higher odds of mortality.

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