How to Reduce Ums and Us

Ums and us are different substantively from filler words, which is what you're talking about. You can substitute them if you sort of put a conscious effort into them,. We find that um has started to work as a discourse marker where it often is at the beginning of a sentence. In those cases, absolutely, it's fairly easy to say, well, okay. So perhaps you can put something else in there.

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