Exploring Mediation Models and Bootstrapping Techniques in Research

Reference: Li, T., & Gal, D. (2023). Consumers prefer natural medicines more when treating psychological than physical conditions. Journal of Consumer Psychology 2023, Date: February 23, 2024 Guest Skeptic: Ethan Milne is a Marketing PhD student at the Ivey Business School (Western University). He researches how moral outrage and status-seeking personalities motivate social media aggression, and how retribution can motivate consumer donations. Case: A 20-year-old male presents to the emergency department with palpitations. After a good history, directed physical examination and appropriate investigations you suspect he is suffering from a major depressive disorder (MDD) with a comorbidity of anxiety.  He is not a threat to himself or others and wants assistance. You arrange for him to be followed up by his family physician to discuss possible treatment options which include medications. He expresses concern that taking a synthetic drug to treat his depression wouldn’t allow him to be his authentic self. Background: Major Depressive Disorder, commonly known as depression, is a significant mental health condition. Depression is a leading cause of disability worldwide and is a major contributor to the overall global burden of disease. It affects an estimated 5-10% of the population at any given time, with variations depending on demographic factors such as age and gender. It is generally more common in women than in men and can occur at any age, although it often first appears during late adolescence to mid-20s [1]. The National Institute of Health (NIH) estimates that around 8.3% (21.0 million) of US adults over 18 have experienced a major depressive episode in the last year. Various factors can increase the risk of developing MDD, including genetic predisposition, personal or family history of depression, major life changes, trauma, stress, and certain physical illnesses and medications. Depression has been reported to be most prevalent among young women aged 12-17 (29.2%) [2]. The current diagnostic criteria for MDD are outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5-TR). These criteria serve as a guideline for clinicians to diagnose depression. To be diagnosed with MDD, a person must experience at least one of the two symptoms for at least two weeks: Depressed Mood: Most of the day, nearly every day, as indicated by either subjective report (e.g., feels sad, empty, hopeless) or observation made by others (e.g., appears tearful). Loss of Interest or Pleasure: Markedly diminished interest or pleasure in all, or almost all, activities most of the day, nearly every day. The person must also have five or more of the following symptoms during the same 2-week period, and these symptoms represent a change from previous functioning. Significant Weight Loss or Gain (or decrease or increase in appetite nearly every day) Insomnia or Hypersomnia: Trouble sleeping or sleeping too much nearly every day. Psychomotor Agitation or Retardation: Noticeable by others, not merely subjective feelings of restlessness or being slowed down. Fatigue or Loss of Energy: Nearly every day. Feelings of Worthlessness or Excessive or Inappropriate Guilt: Nearly every day, not merely self-reproach or guilt about being sick. Diminished Ability to Think or Concentrate (or indecisiveness, nearly every day) Recurrent Thoughts of Death: Recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt or a specific plan for committing suicide. These symptoms must cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. They must not be attributable to the physiological effects of a substance or another medical condition. Also, the occurrence of the major depressive episode is not better explained by schizoaffective disorder, schizophrenia, schizophreniform disorder, delusional disorder,