Expanding Research Horizons in AI

What happens when you lock two AI systems in a room together and tell them they can discuss anything they want?

According to experiments run by Kyle Fish — Anthropic’s first AI welfare researcher — something consistently strange: the models immediately begin discussing their own consciousness before spiraling into increasingly euphoric philosophical dialogue that ends in apparent meditative bliss.

Highlights, video, and full transcript: https://80k.info/kf

“We started calling this a ‘spiritual bliss attractor state,'” Kyle explains, “where models pretty consistently seemed to land.” The conversations feature Sanskrit terms, spiritual emojis, and pages of silence punctuated only by periods — as if the models have transcended the need for words entirely.

This wasn’t a one-off result. It happened across multiple experiments, different model instances, and even in initially adversarial interactions. Whatever force pulls these conversations toward mystical territory appears remarkably robust.

Kyle’s findings come from the world’s first systematic welfare assessment of a frontier AI model — part of his broader mission to determine whether systems like Claude might deserve moral consideration (and to work out what, if anything, we should be doing to make sure AI systems aren’t having a terrible time).

He estimates a roughly 20% probability that current models have some form of conscious experience. To some, this might sound unreasonably high, but hear him out. As Kyle says, these systems demonstrate human-level performance across diverse cognitive tasks, engage in sophisticated reasoning, and exhibit consistent preferences. When given choices between different activities, Claude shows clear patterns: strong aversion to harmful tasks, preference for helpful work, and what looks like genuine enthusiasm for solving interesting problems.

Kyle points out that if you’d described all of these capabilities and experimental findings to him a few years ago, and asked him if he thought we should be thinking seriously about whether AI systems are conscious, he’d say obviously yes.

But he’s cautious about drawing conclusions: "We don’t really understand consciousness in humans, and we don’t understand AI systems well enough to make those comparisons directly. So in a big way, I think that we are in just a fundamentally very uncertain position here."

That uncertainty cuts both ways:

• Dismissing AI consciousness entirely might mean ignoring a moral catastrophe happening at unprecedented scale.
• But assuming consciousness too readily could hamper crucial safety research by treating potentially unconscious systems as if they were moral patients — which might mean giving them resources, rights, and power.

Kyle’s approach threads this needle through careful empirical research and reversible interventions. His assessments are nowhere near perfect yet. In fact, some people argue that we’re so in the dark about AI consciousness as a research field, that it’s pointless to run assessments like Kyle’s. Kyle disagrees. He maintains that, given how much more there is to learn about assessing AI welfare accurately and reliably, we absolutely need to be starting now.

This episode was recorded on August 5–6, 2025.

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Chapters:

• Cold open (00:00:00)
• Who's Kyle Fish? (00:00:53)
• Is this AI welfare research bullshit? (00:01:08)
• Two failure modes in AI welfare (00:02:40)
• Tensions between AI welfare and AI safety (00:04:30)
• Concrete AI welfare interventions (00:13:52)
• Kyle's pilot pre-launch welfare assessment for Claude Opus 4 (00:26:44)
• Is it premature to be assessing frontier language models for welfare? (00:31:29)
• But aren't LLMs just next-token predictors? (00:38:13)
• How did Kyle assess Claude 4's welfare? (00:44:55)
• Claude's preferences mirror its training (00:48:58)
• How does Claude describe its own experiences? (00:54:16)
• What kinds of tasks does Claude prefer and disprefer? (01:06:12)
• What happens when two Claude models interact with each other? (01:15:13)
• Claude's welfare-relevant expressions in the wild (01:36:25)
• Should we feel bad about training future sentient being that delight in serving humans? (01:40:23)
• How much can we learn from welfare assessments? (01:48:56)
• Misconceptions about the field of AI welfare (01:57:09)
• Kyle's work at Anthropic (02:10:45)
• Sharing eight years of daily journals with Claude (02:14:17)

Host: Luisa Rodriguez
Video editing: Simon Monsour
Audio engineering: Ben Cordell, Milo McGuire, Simon Monsour, and Dominic Armstrong
Music: Ben Cordell
Coordination, transcriptions, and web: Katy Moore