The Effects of Substrate Languages on Language Learning

The Arabic word for crocodile Tim sa comes from coptic em sa, which is like a well attested Egyptian word. So that's interesting. And that sounds a lot like, you know, common substrate effects. This is the kind of thing. Um, when you think about substrate effects, I think the thing to always be aware of is people who didn't speak that language learning to speak it,. It's sort of, um, right.