The History of the Atom

Molecules themselves are rotating around such that the positive ends of the molecules are located. So instead of one big dipole, you've got many tiny molecular dipoles that are each exerting their own tiny little force which then add up to produce a large force. And it's not just molecules as well. You can polarize individual atoms so that there's sort of a negative and a positive charge to the atom by essentially biasing the electron shells. But if you've listened to the episode on matter and molecules and I think the history of the atom, then you'll learn what I'm talking about there.