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The Counter-Reformation of Trent
The council of Trent met in fits and starts over an 18-year period. It provoked what historians call the counter-Reformation, a huge Catholic intellectual backlash against Protestantism. Pope Paul IV established the Roman Inquisition partly to root out Protestantism. City states began to draw very strong boundaries along Protestant and Catholic lines. This led to the 30 years war from 1614 to 1648, when between 10-20% of Europe was killed.