IRBs and Utilitarianism

Law in Anglo-Saxon countries draws a huge distinction between harming someone and not helping them. Under PLMNS, researchers should always ask people if they consent to using their personal data. For anything that affects what medical treatment someone will or won't receive, you'd at least have to give them a full account of how their treatment will be different. A much more common problem is that patients really want to be in experiments, and the system won't allow it.