The Uncertainty of Climate Modeling

In addition to the size, the uncertainties are just very large. And this is not a surprising point, but it's worth making because most of the equations and the input parameters used in IMs are associated with large uncertainties. For example, future GDP growth, technology costs, the rate of technology adoption. These are all very important, but at the same time, highly uncertain inputs to IMs. So those three categories of things that you mentioned, just the unwieldy size of it all, the uncertainties and the sheer number of assumptions that they have to make in order to simplify the modeling are all huge challenges for climate modelers.