The Evolution of Extremism: Al-Qaeda to ISIS

This chapter explores the intricate history of Al-Qaeda's fragmentation into ISIS, highlighting key figures such as Muhammad al-Jolani and Ahmed al-Shara. It critiques U.S. foreign policy decisions and their long-term implications, emphasizing the ideological complexities that continue to shape Middle Eastern relations. The narrative underscores the enduring threat posed by jihadist movements and the difficulties in navigating alliances within a tumultuous geopolitical landscape.