Who was Rabbi Leon de Modena and why did he dedicate much of his life to fighting against the Zohar and its influence? Dr. Dweck explains how Modena's reputation within traditional Judaism suffered for a number of reasons, including an unyielding criticism of emerging sects within Judaism. Though he failed to rise to real distinction, one of his most effective works was his attack on the Kabbala (Ari Nohem, first published in 1840). In it, he attempted to demonstrate that the "Bible of the Kabbalists" (the Zohar) was a modern composition. He also writes that the name "Hochmat HaKabbalah" (the wisdom of Kabbalah) is misleading, since it is neither "wisdom" nor a Kabbalah — a tradition going back to Moses — but a mere fabrication. Other notable great Hakhamim like Rabbi Jacob Emden considered it a forgery, whereas Mori Yihyah Qafih famously rejected the Zohar as heresy. What were their main arguments against it? We discuss the Zohar's pseudepigraphic and suspicious origins (authored by Moses De Leon but written in the name of R. Shimon Bar Yohai to gain authoritative status), how this anti-Maimonidean book changed Judaism forever, and differed from the Maaseh Merkava described in the Talmud and by Maimonides. Just as Modena was met with backlash for going against the tide, so too was the legacy of Rabbi Jacob Sasportas. In the latter part of our interview, Professor Dweck briefly touches on the life of Sasportas (who he also wrote a book about), who was one of the most violent antagonists of the Sabbatian movement. He wrote many letters to various communities in Europe, Asia, and Africa, exhorting them to unmask the impostors and to warn the people against them, thus saving many Jews from being swept away by the heretical movement. Sasportas is arguably one of the most courageous and important figures in Jewish history, and yet he (sadly) remains an obscure figure. In light of some of the major mystical trends that have taken shape over the last few centuries, Modena and Sasportas certainly deserve our attention.
