Penalty Kicks in Soccer Matches

Levitt: How does having a team that plays on a field, on a pitch that was built just for soccer translate into being better? Does that make you a better team at home than the others? How could that work? Well, what they conjecture is that in the stadiums that have no track, the fans are much closer to the pitch. They're right on top of the players and more important than the players, the referees, the officials. Levitt: The intimidating presence of the fans has the effect of influencing the number of minutes that the referees add on to the game in order to benefit the home team.