A nation does not have to be built on a fixed biological characteristic like ethnici or race. It can be built around liberal principles, and i think it's actually important that that happen. People don't fight for liberal ideals as as an abstract a notion. They fight because it's embedded in a particular a society. M you can see that right now and this war going on in ukraine. There's an argument going on whether they're just fighting for sovereignty, or whether democracy matters to them. And i think they're intertwined. You know, they they want democracy in uKraine, and that's really what motivates people to, you know, to to die for,
With the Russian invasion of Ukraine images of war in Europe dominate the news, and questions rage about the political failure to both prevent and end the atrocities. Amol Rajan discusses the political forces that have allowed the West to flourish and the cracks that are beginning to widen.
Developed in the wake of European wars of religion and nationalism, Liberalism was designed as a system to govern diverse societies, with a strong emphasis on the rights of individuals, equality and the rule of law. In Liberalism and Its Discontents Francis Fukuyama argues for a return to its classical form but shows how attacks from both the left and right have left it in a state of crisis.
Europe’s dependence on Russian oil is central to Helen Thompson’s book, Disorder: Hard Times in the 21st Century. She looks back at the historical origins of today’s overlapping geopolitical, economic and political failures.
Shifts in the global balance of power in the 19th century between Old Europe and the New World of American Imperialism are at the heart of Edward Shawcross’s extraordinary tale. He describes the ignoble end of a Habsburg Archduke, aided by Napoleon III, who crossed the world to become The Last Emperor of Mexico.
Producer: Katy Hickman
Image credit: Francis Fukuyama – © Djurdja Padejski