Senior bolshevik raskolnikov remarked that amanula had introduced bourgeois reforms without a bourgeoisie whose cost had fallen on peasants, whom he had failed to win over with an agrarian reform. I think it's a bit simplicity, quite honestly. He'd just taken ba, wasn't and he never pretended to be a socialist. But there is, of course, an element of truth in his assessment. Then it was largely a country of tribal peasants, so that amanul hi's suggesting was a bit far fetched.
Legendary socialist scholar Tariq Ali on the long history of Afghanistan: the 19th and early 20th-century wars against the British Empire; the communist coup, Soviet invasion, and US-backed mujahideen war; the rise of the Taliban; and the 2001 US-led NATO invasion through the recent US defeat and withdrawal. Plus, a lot about Pakistan.
Pre-order Ali's forthcoming book The Forty-Year War in Afghanistan: A Chronicle Foretold versobooks.com/books/3939-the-forty-year-war-in-afghanistan
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