The Convergent Forces of Cosmology

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If unification involves these extra dimensions that string theory and visions, the scope for variation seems extremely extremely large. So that's a strong divergent argument, which probably plays out in the very early transitions where the shape of the extra dimensions is also involved in shaping the effective laws that emerge. On the other hand, there is this deepest layer, the one that we were mentioning earlier, the layer at which at the bottom where time turns into space, that is a contingent element in our model. That is something you can't just get away with really sort of closing physics, closing time, that is constraining. Not everything goes there. And so I completely agree, that is the interesting thing to

Perhaps the biggest question Stephen Hawking tried to answer in his extraordinary life was how the universe could have created conditions so perfectly hospitable to life. In order to solve this mystery, Hawking studied the Big Bang origin of the universe, but his early work ran into a crisis when the math predicted many big bangs producing a multiverse — countless different universes, most of which would be far too bizarre to harbor life. Holed up in the theoretical physics department at Cambridge, Stephen Hawking and his friend and collaborator Thomas Hertog worked on this problem for twenty years, developing a new theory of the cosmos that could account for the emergence of life.

Shermer and Hertog discuss: what it was like working with Stephen Hawking • Darwinian model of cosmology • time • What banged the Big Bang? • cosmic inflation and multiple universes • how to reconcile Einstein’s relativity theory of gravity and quantum theory • Hawking’s no-boundary theory • why the universe appears designed • Feynman’s sum over histories approach to quantum physics • Is there purpose in the cosmos? • Why is there something rather than nothing?

Thomas Hertog is an internationally renowned cosmologist who was for many years a close collaborator of the late Stephen Hawking. He received his doctorate from the University of Cambridge and is currently professor of theoretical physics at the University of Leuven, where he studies the quantum nature of the Big Bang. He lives with his wife and their four children in Bousval, Belgium.