2min chapter

99% Invisible cover image

Freedom House Ambulance Service: American Sirens

99% Invisible

CHAPTER

The Story of Freedom House Paramedics

Caroline Flaherty was medical director of the Freedom House paramedic service. In 1975, Florida Gov. John F. Kennedy signed an ordinance that banned ambulances from using their sirens in certain neighborhoods. Rumors were spread that Freedom House paramedics were selling drugs and running dice games from the ambulances. The city's system ended up being 98% white when the first EMS system in this country was African American.

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