Compounded Hormones and Functional Medicine Context

James O'Hara sits down with Dr Dan Bristow (OB-GYN) to talk about hormones

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Systematic and Narrative Reviews

1. Gut microbial β‑glucuronidase: a vital regulator in female estrogen metabolism and gynecologic cancers

PMCID: PMC10416750

• Year: 2023

• Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

• Summary: Reviews role of β-glucuronidase in estrogen metabolism, breast cancer, endometriosis.

2. A New Paradigm in Gut Microbiota & Breast Cancer: β‑Glucuronidase as Therapeutic Target

DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12091086

• Year: 2023

• Journal: Pathogens

• Summary: Emerging model proposing gmGUS as a direct target in estrogen-driven breast cancer.

3. Gut and oral microbiota in gynecologic cancers: mechanisms and therapeutic value

DOI: 10.1038/s41522-024-00577-7

• Year: 2024

• Journal: npj Biofilms and Microbiomes

• Summary: Systematic review on microbiota’s role in ovarian, cervical, and breast cancers.

Human Clinical or Case-Control Studies

4. Assessment of gut microbial β‑glucuronidase and β‑glucosidase activity in women with PCOS

PMCID: PMC10366212

• Year: 2023

• Journal: Scientific Reports

• Summary: Found significantly higher β-glucuronidase activity in PCOS patients.

5. Gut microbiota and ovarian diseases: a new therapeutic perspective

DOI: 10.1186/s13048-025-01684-5

• Year: 2025

• Journal: Journal of Ovarian Research

• Summary: Review covering PCOS, POI, and tumors—describes estrogen recycling via gut microbiota.

Mechanistic, In Vitro, and Animal Studies

6. In vitro analysis of gut microbial β‑glucuronidases and estrogen deconjugation

DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2020.105542

• Year: 2020

• Journal: Journal of Biological Chemistry

• Summary: Characterized 35 GUS enzymes that reactivate estrogen glucuronides.

7. Impact of intestinal flora on ovarian function and disease pathogenesis

Full text: e-century.us

• Year: 2024

• Journal: American Journal of Translational Research

• Summary: Animal studies showing how β-G-producing gut bacteria drive ovarian dysfunction.

8. The role of gut microbiota in endometriosis: current insights

DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1363455

• Year: 2024

• Journal: Frontiers in Microbiology

• Summary: Mechanistic review linking β-G-producing bacteria to lesion development and inflammation in endometriosis.

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