Hyponetremia

Chapter 6 part 1

In this review of vasopressin, you can find an excellent discussion of basic stimuli and vasopressin receptors: Vasopressin V1a and V1b Receptors: From Molecules to Physiological Systems | Physiological Reviews

X-Linked Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus is very rare and there was theory that all patients originated from the same family and traveled to the US on the Hopewell ship JCI - X-linked nephrogenic diabetes insipidus mutations in North America and the Hopewell hypothesis.  This report describes another family from the Netherlands with nephrogenic DI including the finding that the urine osmolarity never exceeds 200 mOsm/kg. Hereditary Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus - GeneReviews®  (and here’s a family with central diabetes insipidus  https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article/81/1/192/2649423?login=true )

Although we have all learned that thiazides should be used with diabetes insipidus, to induce mild volume depletion, several case reports and animal data have found that acetazolamide might be the best diuretic for the job. Clinicians from Boston Medical Center tried it out in this report:    ​​Acetazolamide in Lithium-Induced Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus | NEJM based on exciting data in mice! https://jasn.asnjournals.org/content/27/7/2082.short

ADH appears to have an effect on potassium excretion. This was investigated by Giebesch who found, with clearance and micropuncture studies in rats plus isolated perfused tubules, ADH increased potassium secretion  Influence of ADH on renal potassium handling: A micropuncture and microperfusion study   A corollary should be that inhibition of ADH would increase the risk of hyperkalemia but this was not observed in the SALT-1 and SALT-2 trials. 5% of patients developed hyperkalemia in both the tolvaptan group and the placebo group Tolvaptan, a Selective Oral Vasopressin V2-Receptor Antagonist, for Hyponatremia | NEJM

V1 vasopressin as a pressor Exogenous Vasopressin-Induced Hyponatremia in Patients With Vasodilatory Shock: Two Case Reports and Literature Review

We wondered/debated on our observation that hyponatremia is not reliably seen in patients receiving vasopressin in the ICU. In the VASST trial, Vasopressin versus Norepinephrine Infusion in Patients with Septic Shock,  1 patient in each study arm of nearly 400 patients developed hyponatremia. Note that patients with hyponatremia (<130 mEq/L) were excluded from the study.

Excellent review! Vasopressin and the Regulation of Aquaporin-2

This report looks at the PET scan in individuals who are thirsty.  Neuroimaging of genesis and satiation of thirst and an interoceptor-driven theory of origins of primary consciousness

Here’s a little discussion of Dr. Grant Liddle. In addition to his eponymous syndrome, he coined the term “ectopic” and developed the dexamethasone suppression test. Grant Liddle (1921–1989) : The Endocrinologist

This is the sad case of licorice gluttony in NEJM which led to hypokalemia and a cardiac arrest. Case 30-2020: A 54-Year-Old Man with Sudden Cardiac Arrest

In this review of the principal and intercalated cells, check out Figure 8 which has an excellent figure of the aldosterone paradox. https://cjasn.asnjournals.org/content/clinjasn/early/2015/01/30/CJN.08880914.full.pdf?with-ds=yes%3Fversioned%3Dtrue

Remarkably, licorice has been used in dialysis patients to lower potassium in patients in this short term trial. Glycyr-rhetinic acid food supplementation lowers serum potassium concentration in chronic hemodialysis patients

Animal studies on pregnant rats demonstrating the reset osmostat as predicted by Roger. Osmoregulation during Pregnancy in the Rat: EVIDENCE FOR RESETTING OF THE THRESHOLD FOR VASOPRESSIN SECRETION DURING GESTATION