Understanding Substance Use Disorders: Criteria and Implications

1. Introduction

• Topic: Addiction Prevalence, Symptoms, and Course
• Presenter: Dr. Dawn-Elise Snipes
• Focus: Understanding addiction as a chronic disease affecting brain function and behavior.

2. Prevalence of Addiction

• 2012 Statistics:
• 6.5% of the population over age 12 reported heavy drinking.
• 9.2% reported illicit drug use.
• 2021 Statistics:
• 14.3% reported illicit drug use, possibly influenced by marijuana legalization.
• 5.8% reported heavy drinking, showing a slight decrease.
• Interpretation: The statistics provide insight but may be influenced by changing legal statuses of substances like marijuana.

3. Addiction as a Disease

• Definition: Addiction is a chronic disease that impacts brain reward, motivation, and memory circuits.
• Diagnosis: The DSM-5 categorizes substance-related disorders into intoxication, withdrawal, and substance use disorders.
• Impact on the Brain: Addiction causes physiological changes, particularly in dopamine and opioid systems, leading to altered brain function and behavior.

4. Understanding Substance Use Disorder (SUD)

• Categories: Intoxication, withdrawal, and substance use disorder.
• Symptoms of SUD:
• Tolerance
• Withdrawal symptoms
• Cravings
• Repeated unsuccessful attempts to quit
• Excessive time spent on substance-related activities
• Reduction in other activities
• Continued use despite harm
• Use in risky situations
• Social or relationship problems
• Severity Levels:
• Mild: 2-3 symptoms
• Moderate: 4-5 symptoms
• Severe: 6 or more symptoms

5. Addiction Progression

• Chronic Nature: Addiction is progressive and can lead to severe disability or premature death if untreated.
• Physiological Course: Repeated substance use causes surges in brain chemicals, leading to tolerance and dependence.
• Relapse Potential: Even after treatment, cravings can persist, particularly during early and sustained remission.

6. Types of Addictions

• Chemical Addictions: Alcohol, drugs, etc.
• Behavioral Addictions: Gambling, internet use, sex, shopping, etc.
• Process Addictions: Non-substance-related activities that trigger similar brain responses as drugs.

7. Treatment and Recovery

• Treatment Planning: Depends on the severity, types of addiction, symptoms, and individual resources.
• Considerations: Age, cognitive functioning, physical and mental health conditions, and availability of resources.
• Chronic Management: Recovery involves continuous management of addiction, addressing underlying issues, and rebuilding brain function.

8. Psychological and Physical Dependence

• Physical Dependence: Involves neurological changes that require the substance for normal functioning.
• Psychological Dependence: Results from mood effects due to neurochemical imbalances and stress responses.

9. Concurrent Disorders

• Co-occurring Issues: Depression, anxiety, trauma, and other mental health conditions often accompany addiction.
• Importance of Comprehensive Care: Addressing all co-occurring disorders is crucial for effective recovery.

10. Future Directions

• Next Session: Focus on models and theories of addiction.
• Understanding Addiction: Continued exploration of addiction as a complex, multifaceted disease requiring a comprehensive approach to treatment.

Chapters:

00:00:00 - Addiction Prevalence, Symptoms, and Course

00:07:41 - The Consequences of Process Addictions

00:15:17 - Diagnosis of Substance Use Disorder

00:22:35 - Signs of Substance Use Disorder

00:29:59 - Symptoms of Substance Use Disorder

00:37:40 - The Brain's Response and Adaptation to Reward Stimulation

00:44:47 - Cross Tolerance and Signs of Dependence

00:52:37 - The Pain of Unfulfilled Desires

01:00:19 - Compulsive Behaviors and Addiction

01:08:11 - Deep Brain Stimulation for Mental Health

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