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Malaria
Before malaria became a parasite of humans, it was probably a parasite of dinosaurs. Vivax showed up in hunter-gatherer groups many thousands of years ago and caused sporadic but deadly outbreaks. Falciparum is more deadly and more recent. The Duffy blood type prevents vivax from entering the blood; that's why you don't see vivax in Africa today. And despite the Duffy mutation, nearly every person on African continent had the types before they were born.