Energy efficiency: biology versus digital AI

Earl K. Miller is an MIT neuroscientist and one of the most influential thinkers in modern brain science. His 2001 paper on prefrontal cortex function is one of the most cited in the entire field, transforming how we understand thought, control, and the architecture of the mind.Miller’s research reveals that the brain doesn’t compute like a digital machine — it builds models of the world and uses top-down control to guide perception, attention, and action. He discovered mixed selectivity, showing that neurons flexibly encode combinations of rules, goals, and context, giving rise to the incredible adaptability of human cognition. And his more recent work uncovers how dynamic oscillatory brain waves — alpha, beta, and gamma rhythms — synchronize vast networks of neurons, shaping working memory, decision-making, and even consciousness itself.Expect to learn why the prefrontal cortex is the brain’s command centre, how the mind constructs internal models of reality, why neurons don’t have fixed jobs, how mixed selectivity unlocks high-dimensional thought, why brain waves may be the real “language of the mind,” how oscillations unify brain regions into consciousness, what anesthesia reveals about losing subjective experience, whether consciousness is an emergent phenomenon of coordinated rhythms, why digital AI misses the essence of thought, what it would take to build conscious machines, how the brain computes like an analog system, and much more…...Timestamps:00:00 Intro03:00 The Paradigm Shift in Neuroscience06:03 Understanding the Prefrontal Cortex's Role09:00 Consciousness and Decision Making11:53 The Complexity of Memory and Representation14:54 Mixed Selectivity and Neural Networks17:58 Dynamic Stability in Neural Systems20:55 The Role of Oscillations in Brain Function23:39 Analog Computation in the Cortex34:54 Understanding Brain Waves and Analog Computation38:41 The Efficiency of Analog vs. Digital Computing40:31 Biology's Energy Efficiency in Computation41:58 Emerging Paradigms in Neuroscience46:25 Consciousness and Brain States53:58 Analog Computation and the Nature of Consciousness59:57 The Nature of Consciousness01:02:24 Comparative Consciousness: Humans and Other Species01:05:10 Integration and Complexity in Consciousness01:10:41 The Role of Information Integration in Consciousness01:14:12 Agency and Consciousness in Biological Systems01:17:43 AI and the Question of Consciousness01:24:02 The Future of AI and Human Intelligence...

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