Push-Dose Epi in the ED

Most of the patients in the ED retain at their early stages some degree of fluid responsiveness. But then what you'll discover is that an hour later, they go up to the Norapi drip and now they have eight liters hanging around. All those patients who you thought you were temperizing with push-dose epi in time to pressure bag in three or four liters of fluid, most of them wound up on the vasopressor drip anyway.