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The Origins of Altitude Sickness
The sport of mountaineering underwent a big boom during the period of widespread colonization by European nations. Experiments in decompression chambers, mainly by Paul Barrett, had shown that supplemental oxygen could be helpful for keeping symptoms at bay at higher altitudes. But only if you use it. So in the first hand account that I read, the people in that balloon were carrying oxygen, but not enough of it, and they didn't use it until it was too late.