Mongolia’s leverage despite economic dependence on China

In the long run, countries in Northeast Asia will have to see the need for collective defense. Otherwise, you won’t be able to stop rivalry between powers like the U.S. and China. It sounds utopian now, but so did the idea of French and German soldiers serving under the same command a century ago.
                                                                                                                                        – Y.S. Lee, NBN Interview (2025)

Sustainable Peace in Northeast Asia (Anthem Press, 2023) examines the enduring political and military tensions in one of the world’s most dynamic yet unstable regions, from China and the Korean Peninsula to Japan, Mongolia, and Russia’s Far East. Despite its economic vitality, Northeast Asia remains fraught with persistent risks of conflict including North Korea’s nuclear program, and the unresolved disputes over territory, history, and power imbalances fueled in part by China’s rise.

Y.S. Lee traces the political, historical, military, and economic forces behind these tensions and their global implications. Offering a comparative, country-by-country analysis, he also explores the influence of external powers such as the United States and Russia. The book assesses the prospects and consequences of Korean reunification and provides a fresh look at Mongolia’s often-overlooked role in regional stability, suggesting how imagination and diplomacy together might begin to rebuild trust across the region.

In this NBN interview, Professor Lee discusses how history, ideology, and institutional design intersect across the region – from the entanglement of North Korea’s Juche ideology with its nuclear ambitions to Japan’s struggle for reconciliation, and South Korea’s evolving identity as a middle power. He argues that sustainable peace requires economic, political, and even eventual military cooperation akin to Europe’s postwar transformation, which was once unthinkable, but ultimately necessary.

Yong-Shik Lee is Director of the Law and Development Institute and a leading scholar of international economic law and institutional reform. His previous works include Law and Development: Theory and Practice (2011; 2nd ed. 2021), Reclaiming Development in the World Trading System (Cambridge University Press, 2nd ed. 2016), and Safeguard Measures in World Trade: The Legal Analysis (Edward Elgar, 3rd ed. 2014). His research bridges economic theory and policy design to advance inclusive development and peace.

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