From the archive: Cities, cells, and the neuroscience of navigation
Many Minds
The Cognitive Edge of London Taxi Drivers
This chapter explores the remarkable navigational skills and memory capabilities of London taxi drivers, examining the extensive training required to master the city's intricate street network. It highlights the relationship between their cognitive abilities and the structural changes in their hippocampus, demonstrating how rigorous mental challenges lead to neurological adaptations. Furthermore, the discussion contrasts the expertise of taxi drivers with modern GPS technology, emphasizing their unique decision-making skills and the cultural pride they maintain in their profession.
Hi friends, we're still on a brief summer break. We'll have a new episode for you later in August. In the meanwhile, enjoy this pick from our archives!
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[originally aired September 21, 2022]
If your podcast listening habits are anything like mine, you might be out for a walk right now. Maybe you’re wandering the neighborhood, just blocks from home, or maybe you’re further afield. In either case, I’m guessing you’re finding your way without too much trouble—you’re letting some intuitive sense steer you, track how far you’ve gone, tell you where to go next. This inner navigator of yours is doing all in the background, as your mind wanders elsewhere, and magically it gets it all right. Most of the time, anyway. But how is it doing it? What allows us to pull this off?
My guest today is Dr. Hugo Spiers, Professor of Cognitive Neuroscience at University College London. His lab studies how our brains "remember the past, navigate the present, and imagine the future.” In recent years Hugo and his group have used a wide variety of methods—and some astonishingly large datasets—to shed light on central questions about human spatial abilities.
Here, Hugo and I do a quick tour of the neuroscience of navigation—including the main brain structures involved and how they were discovered. We talk about research on a very peculiar population, the London taxi driver. We discuss the game Sea Hero Quest and what it's teaching us about navigation abilities around the world. We also touch on what GPS might be doing to us; whether the hippocampus actually resembles a seahorse; the ingenious layout of our brain's inner grids; navigation ability as an early sign of Alzheimer's; how “place cells” actually map more than just place; and how the monarch butterfly finds its way.
Super excited to share this one folks—this is an episode that's been on our wish list for some time. For mobile organisms like us, navigation is life or death—it’s as basic as eating or breathing. So when we dig into the foundations of these spatial abilities, we’re really digging into some of the most basic foundations of mind.
So let’s get to it. On to my conversation with Dr. Hugo Spiers. Enjoy!
A transcript of this episode is available here.
Notes and links
4:00 – A brief documentary about a person with developmental topographical disorder.
8:00 – There have been a slew of popular articles about the question of whether GPS is undermining our navigation abilities—see here and here.
12:00 – A classic academic article about path integration in mammals.
14:00 – The classic academic article by Edward Tolman on the idea of “cognitive maps.”
16:00 – A side-by-side comparison of a human hippocampus and seahorse. The resemblance is indeed striking.
18:00 – A classic academic article reporting “place cells” in rats.
21:00 – A research article on seasonal changes in hippocampus size across different species.
22:00 – A recent academic article on interactions between the hippocampus and the striatum in navigation.
23:30 – An article reviewing the first decade of research on “grid cells.” A video showing the activity of grid cells in a rat.
26:00 – The long struggle to calculate longitude is subject of a much-beloved book by Dava Sobel.
27:00 – The press release announcing the Nobel prize for the discovery of grid cells and place cells.
31:00 – A popular article about ‘The Knowledge’—a famed test for London taxi drivers.
33:30 – The celebrated original study by Eleanor Maquire and colleagues on structural changes in the brains of London taxi drivers. The (also-celebrated) follow-up study that Dr. Spiers was part of, comparing London taxi and bus drivers.
37:00 – More about the Taxi Brains project can be found here.
41:00 – A recent paper by Dr. Spiers’ team, led by Eva-Maria Griesbauer, reviews the cognitive neuroscience studies on London taxi drivers and dives deep into the learning techniques the drivers use.
44:30 – A paper by Dr. Spiers and team providing an overview of Sea Hero Quest and the studies it has been used for to date. A video demo of the game, and a popular article describing its motivation. Dr. Spiers developed the idea for the game in collaboration with Michael Hornberger.
50:00 – A recent research article looking at the value of Sea Hero Quest in detecting those at risk for Alzheimers.
53:00 – One of the first studies by Dr. Spiers and colleagues using Sea Hero Quest to test a vast sample and examine effects of variables like age, gender, and nationality.
54:30 – A more recent paper by Dr. Spiers and colleagues examining the effect of growing up in cities that are more or less “griddy.”
57:00 – A study by Dr. Spiers and colleagues showing a relationship between real-world navigation ability and navigation performance in Sea Hero Quest.
1:04:00 – The website of the International Orienteering Foundation. A video showing the sport.
1:06:00 – A review paper by Dr. Spiers and colleagues about the potential roles of cognitive maps in navigation and beyond.
1:07:00 – A review of “concept cells”, aka “Halle Berre cells.”
1:08:00 – A recent opinion piece by Dr. Spiers on the question of how many maps—and of what kind—the hippocampus implements.
1:10:30 – A recent research article on “time cells” in the hippocampus.
1:14:30 – A recent review article about monarch butterfly navigation.
Dr. Spiers recommends:
Human Spatial Navigation, by Ekstrom, Spiers, Bohbot, and Rosenbaum
‘The Cognitive Map in Humans: Spatial Navigation and Beyond,’ by Epstein, Patai, Julian, and Spiers
You can read more about Dr. Spiers work on his website and follow him on Twitter.
Many Minds is a project of the Diverse Intelligences Summer Institute (DISI) (https://disi.org), which is made possible by a generous grant from the Templeton World Charity Foundation to UCLA. It is hosted and produced by Kensy Cooperrider, with help from Assistant Producer Urte Laukaityte and with creative support from DISI Directors Erica Cartmill and Jacob Foster. Our artwork is by Ben Oldroyd (https://www.mayhilldesigns.co.uk/). Our transcripts are created by Sarah Dopierala (https://sarahdopierala.wordpress.com/).
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