because of having this focus on the virtue and the importance of speaking Then it implicitly devalues not speaking It implicitly devalues silence and listenership and silence and listenership are important or more important ideas In East Asia as we will see She goes on to talk about Gris' maxims. So Gris' maxims This is from a field of linguistics a subfield of linguistics called pragmatics Pragmatics is often lumped together with semantics or paired together with semantics in the same way that phonetics and phonology are paired together because phonetics and phonology both are about the sounds of language But phonetics is talking about individual sounds and phonology is talking about how the sounds combine and what sounds are allowed to combine Which sounds are not allowed to combine in a language and that kind of thing? so With Pragmatics and semantics semantics is more about the meaning of individual words Whereas pragmatics is about things like how you express yourself given that the context is different given relationships and And that's why it's called pragmatics is like pragmatically. How would you actually speak? So the field of pragmatics probably the most important thing in the entire field and the only things that I know is Gris' maxims So the fact that she brings these out and says okay, essentially these are cultural statements is Pretty shocking for someone who is familiar with linguistics I mean, it's not the only place where she is shocking or we're looking into Cultural stuff and anthropological stuff makes you Surprise and shocked and go wow, okay this massive concept I was basing my understanding of the world on and of humanity on is actually just something that only applies to Westerners or What doesn't really apply to the world as I thought it did and so it was with Gris' maxims So we see similar things like this with motivation when you look at intrinsic motivation of East Asians It just doesn't work the same way. They don't really have the same sense of intrinsic motivation trying to Do things which would actually increase the motivation of Westerners fails to increase the Motivation of East Asians, you know, it just doesn't doesn't work because all that stuff about the motivation is At best, it's culturally limited if not, you know, maybe it's more deeply flawed than that So it's just another place where psychology has I was gonna say it's failed I mean that's a bit too strong a word But psychology is limited by the fact that its sampling is particular to one culture and as soon as you try and understand humanity as a whole Rather than understanding specifically what say undergraduates in the US universities are like then you start to see that these things don't hold together Even though previously there were foundation stones or considered to be really important features of Really important features of human psychology.