Quarks and Gluons in the Proton

QCD's predictions are easy to understand only when the strong force is relatively weak. But for gentler collisions like Slack, these quarks pull on each other strongly enough that QCD calculations become impossible. A team led by Juan Rojo of the National Institute for Subatomic Physics analyzed more than 5,000 proton snapshots taken over the last 50 years. They used machine learning to infer the motions of quarks and gluons inside the proton in a way that sidesteps theoretical guesswork.