The Redness of Hemoglobin

Junk DNA is the stuff that can just mutate and then it gets copied. It could be the equivalent of a spandrel. If you're an alien, you've got nothing but access to the DNA of people. And you can see by reading it with your fancy alien technology. That would not tell you what color hemoglobin when it's got oxygen combined with it is going to turn red. There can be things like this. So the when we go back to the question from my listener who was asking, how can we use this to predict? How can we use evolution by natural selection to predict what colors dinosaurs would be? We don't know.