Astrocytes, AQP4 and Perivascular Macrophages

Jonathan Kipnis is a neuroscientist, the Alan A. and Edith L. Wolff Distinguished Professor of Pathology and Immunology at Washington University, St. Louis, who discovered meningeal lymphatics and has been a prolific researcher in brain drainage and the continuous immune system surveillance of the brain.

I made this infographic with the help of Notebook LM to summarize many of the concepts we discussed. (Notebook LM is free and worth trying)

We went over his new review with 24 co-author leading experts in the recent issue of Neuron

A Clever Cover

The drainage system anatomy on influx and efflux (blue arrows)

The 3 ways the flow of glymphatics are modulated. I mentioned the recent studies that show atrial fibrillation, via reduced cardiac pulsation, has an effect on reducing glymphatic flow.

We also discussed his recent review on the immune surveillance system in Cell:

A schematic of key channels for the “faucet” and “drain”

and how the system changes from healthy to central nervous system autoimmune diseases (such as multiple sclerosis) and aging with different immune bar codes.

The outsized role of astrocytes in the brain, a subject of recent Nature feature, was also mentioned.

Our understanding of the brain’s immune system has been completely revamped. Kipnis’s recent review in Nature Immunology highlights the critical role of the outer layers —the skull, dura and meninges—as an immune reservoir that is ready to detect and react abnormalities in the brain with a continuous “intelligence report.”

Notably, Kipnis touched on lymphatic-venous anastomosis (LVA) surgery (Figure below) for Alzheimer’s disease which is popular in China, available at 30 centers in multiple cities, and the subject of multiple randomized trials as a treatment for Alzheimer’s. Trials of LVA surgery are also getting started in the United States for treatment of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases.

Here is a Figure to show the surgical anastomoses (connections) from the deep cervical lymphatics to external jugular and internal jugular veins

This podcast was packed with insights relevant to health, spanning sleep quality, sleep medications, autoimmune diseases, and Alzheimer’s disease. I hope you find it as informative and engaging as I did.

A Poll

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