The Panama Canal is very important because it is the big project of Ferdinand the Lesseps, who was the epitomization of the techno-optimism of the second half of the 19th century. He went in thinking he could do exactly the same, but in two ways, the Panama was very different. 22,000 plus people died. Thousands of best engineers from France perished. Millions of dollars equivalent of money was lost by many, many small investors. It was a complete disaster because he was approaching it with the same set of blinders that had become more confident because of his earlier successes.

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