Philosophical Optimism vs Pessimism

Across wealthy societies, citizens no longer believe the future will be better than the past. The idea of progress as an inevitable historical force was born in the Western world – now it may be drawing its last breath there, too.

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Authors: Casper Skovgaard Petersen & Suus Hulsen

Narration: Manya Lind (with ElevenLabs AI)

Published by the Copenhagen Institute for Futures Studies