Impact of Iron Deficiency on Heart Failure Outcomes

CardioNerds Cofounder Dr. Amit Goyal, Chair of the CardioNerds Heart Failure Committee Dr. Jenna Skowronski, and Episode FIT Lead Dr. Shazli Khan discuss iron deficiency and its impact on heart failure with Dr. Robert Mentz, Chief of Heart Failure at Duke University and principal investigator of the HEART-FID trial. In this case-based discussion, they cover the diagnostic criteria of iron deficiency in heart failure, epidemiology, and strengths and limitations of different iron formulations.  They also review clinical trials examining the impact of iron deficiency on quality of life, heart failure hospitalizations, and mortality. Importantly, they stress the relevance of iron metabolism in heart failure, irrespective of the presence of anemia. They also discuss the approach to addressing outpatient management of iron in heart failure and future directions of research needed in this domain. Notes were drafted by Dr. Shazli Khan, and Dr. Daniel Ambinder engineered episode audio. Click here for CME. This episode was created in collaboration with the Cardiometabolic Health Congress and is supported by an educational grant from American Regent. Please follow the link in the show notes for free CME. All CardioNerds education is planned, produced, and reviewed by CardioNerds. Enjoy this Circulation 2022 Paths to Discovery article to learn about the CardioNerds story, mission, and values. CardioNerds Heart Success Series PageCardioNerds Episode PageCardioNerds AcademyCardionerds Healy Honor Roll CardioNerds Journal ClubSubscribe to The Heartbeat Newsletter!Check out CardioNerds SWAG!Become a CardioNerds Patron! Pearls - Iron Deficiency in Heart Failure Think about iron deficiency in ALL patients with heart failure and send appropriate diagnostic labs, even if there is no evidence of anemia! Iron deficiency in heart failure has a specific and distinguished definition, defined as a ferritin level of <100 ng/mL, or a ferritin level between 100-300 ng/mL with a transferrin saturation of <20%. Data thus far suggests that treatment of iron deficiency in heart failure results in improved quality of life, as well as a probable reduction in heart failure hospitalizations, and that administration of intravenous iron has a favorable safety profile. Not all formulations of iron are created equal – intravenous iron formulations have been shown to be effective in this population, but oral iron therapy has not. Management of iron deficiency in the outpatient setting is an evolving area of research, but patients should typically receive surveillance labs and additional treatment with IV iron if indicated. Show notes - Iron Deficiency in Heart Failure How is iron deficiency in heart failure defined, and how prevalent is iron deficiency in this patient population? Iron deficiency is common in patients with heart failure, with an estimated prevalence of 50-60%.Iron deficiency in heart failure is associated with worse outcomes, including increased hospitalization and mortality and poorer functional status and quality of life.Iron deficiency in heart failure is defined as a ferritin level of <100 ng/mL or a ferritin level of 100-300 ng/mL plus a transferrin saturation of <20%. There is an evolving school of thought that suggests transferrin saturation alone may be the best indicator of iron deficiency in heart failure, but more data are needed. Importantly, iron deficiency in heart failure can be seen in patients with both reduced and preserved ejection fraction. Which patients should be screened for iron deficiency? There is a class I indication to send iron studies in all patients with heart failure as a part of the initial diagnostic work-up for the underlying etiology of the cardiomyopathy, as well as to assess for the presence of iron deficiency.The presence of anemia is not required to check iron studies, as many patients with iron deficiency in heart failure may not have conc...