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Pete: Hello, and welcome to the AWS Morning Brief. I’m Pete Cheslock.

Jesse: I'm Jesse DeRose.

Pete: And we're back yet again. We're well into 2021. I mean, about a week or so, right?

Jesse: I'm excited. I'm just glad that when midnight struck. I didn't roll back over into January 1st of 2020.

Pete: Yeah, luckily, it's not a Y2K scenario. I don't think we have to deal with the whole date issues until, what, 2032 I think, whatever that the next big Y2K-ish date issue is going to be. I'm hopefully retired by the time that that happens.

Jesse: That's future us problem.

Pete: Yeah. Future us problem, absolutely. Well, we've made it. We've made it to 2021, which is a statement no one thought they were going to say last year at this point.

Jesse: [laugh].

Pete: But here we are. And today, we're talking about an interesting topic that may bring us some hate mail. I don't know. You tell me, folks that are listening. But we're seeing this more and more in our capacity as cloud economists working with clients here at The Duckbill Group, that folks who are running Kubernetes—whether it's EKS, or they're running it on EC2 using maybe, like, an OpenShift—are actually spending more than people who are using other primitives within AWS.

So, we wanted to chat a little bit about why we think that is, and some of the challenges that we're seeing out there. And we would love to hear from you on this one. If you are using Kubernetes in any of the ways that we're going to talk about, you can actually send us a story about how you're doing that and maybe answer some of these questions we have, or explain how you're using it. If you go to lastweekinaws.com/QA to ask us questions—not quality assurance—but go to QA for asking us questions. You can put in your information, you can add your name, it's optional if you want. You can be completely anonymous and just tell us how much you enjoy our wonderful tones and talking about technology. So, Kubernetes. Why is this the thing, Jessie?

Jesse: I feel like when it first came out, it was the hot thing. Like, everybody wanted Kubernetes, everybody wanted to be Kubernetes, there were classes on Kubernetes, there were books on—like, I feel like that's still happening. I think it has amazing potential in a lot of ways, but I also feel like… in the same way that you might read the Google SRE book and then immediately turn to your startup team of three people and say, “We're going to do everything the way that Google does it,” this isn't always the right option.

Pete: Feel like the Google SRE book is, like, The Mythical Man Month, which is, the book that everyone wants to quote, the name of the book, but none of those people have ever actually read the book.

Jesse: Yeah, there's lots of really great ideas, but just because they're great ideas that worked well for a large company at scale doesn't necessarily mean that they're going to be the same right ideas for your company.

Pete: And also, we're both fairly grizzled former system administrators and operators; Kubernetes is not the first, kind of, swing of the bat at this problem. I mean, we've had Mesos which, it's still around but not as hip and cool; we've had OpenStack. Does—remember when all the Kubernetes people were all like, “Nope, OpenStack is going to be the greatest thing ever.” So, needless to say, we are a little jaded on the topic.

Jesse: You can't forget about Nomad, either, from HashiCorp built cleanly into HashiCorp’s Hashi stack with all of their other amazing development and deployment tools.

Pete: Yeah. I mean, this is a problem that people want to solve. But in the rise of Cloud, on Amazon I always struggled with why it was needed. And we're going to talk a little bit about that.

So, again, what is Kubernetes? I hope people are listening that would know this, but maybe not. It's an abstraction layer for scheduling workloads. It's the solution to the Docker problem. Like, a container is great. I have a container, it is a totally self-contained application, ready to go, my configuration, my dependencies. And now I need a place to run it. Well, where do I run this container? Well, pre-Kubernetes, Jessie, you'd probably use something like ECS—the Elastic Container Service—might be a way that you could schedule some workloads.

Jesse: Or maybe if you just wanted to run a single virtual machine somewhere and run that container in the virtual machine, you might do that as well.

Pete: Yeah, that was how a lot of the earliest users of Docker were just running Docker: they were just running the containers as applications—because that's what they are—on their bare EC2. They would just run some EC2 and run a Docker container on there. And there were benefits to that. You got this isolated package deployed out there not having to worry about dependencies. You have to worry about having the right Python dependencies or Ruby dependencies.

It came with everything it needed, and that was a big solution. Now Kubernetes, I think, brings this really interesting concept that I like. It's this API that theoretically you could use in a lot of different places. If you now have this API to deploy your application anywhere there's a Kubernetes cluster, does this solve vendor-lock-in? Could you use Kubernetes to solve some of these issues that we see?

Jesse: You could use Kubernetes to solve vendor-lock-in in the same way that you could use multi-cloud to solve vendor lock-in. Again, it is a solution to the problem, but is it the right solution for your company?

Pete: That is always the question I feel like I would ask folks when they were using Kubernetes is, I would always ask why they were using it. I honestly will say I never got—I don’t want to say wouldn't say never; that's not fair. I rarely would get a good answer. It was often like a little bit of operational FOMO—you know, the fear of missing out on the next hottest thing, which of course, that's never a good way to pick your architecture stack. Now, that being said, at a previous company, we were investigating Kubernetes to solve a problem with our stateless applications—because I in no way trusted it to run anything stateful.

None of my databases I wanted on it. But it is a great way to put more control into my developers’ hands-on deploying their applications. We ran predominantly C class instances on EC2. And th...

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