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The Most Powerful Idea in Cryptography
The idea of a one-way function is both an old idea in some sense and a very, very modern one. So give an X, you can compute F of X easily but given F of X is very hard to go back to X. Think like breaking a glass easy; Reconstruct the glass harder. Throwing an egg easy for the fried egg to goback to the regional egg harder. If you want to be extreme, killing a living being, unfortunately easy. They are around very hard.