Introduction

If you think that it is possible to accumulate evidence for a theory then a red pen is evidence in favour of the claim that all swans are white. In formal logic this is known as the contra-positive fact about reality. So on the inductivist or Bayesian account at every time you observe non-white non-swans basically everything in the universe is not a SWAN and isn't evidence in favor of your theory. Do you see how absurd these claims can be? If so, please contact us via email: editorial@dailymailonline.co.uk.